Category Archives: Resources for genealogists

My response to MoJ consultation: Storage and retention of original wills

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Only four days remain before the deadline of the Ministry of Justice consultation paper regarding proposals to destroy all post-1858 original Wills and related documents, with the exception of those of famous people, and to retain only digital files of the rest. The full consultation paper may be viewed here.

You can respond directly at the following address or by email: civil_justice_poli@justice.gov.uk

Will Storage consultation
Ministry of Justice
Civil Justice and Law Division,
Postpoint 5.25
102 Petty France
London
SW1H 9AJ

The deadline for replies is this coming Friday, 23 February.

Below, is my own response in full, which was emailed this morning.

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Response to the Ministry of Justice Open consultation paper: Storage and retention of original will documents, Published 15 December 2023

Question 3: Are there any reasons why the High Court should store original paper Will documents on a permanent basis, as opposed to just retaining a digitised copy of that material?

Yes.  As a professional genealogist/ researcher working with documents in archives as well as online digitised copies of certain documents, I object strongly to proposals set down in the above consultation paper to destroy the majority of Wills and related documents after a prescribed period, replacing them with digital images of the same.  My reasons are below.

Question 5: Do you agree that there is equivalence between paper and digital copies of wills so that the ECA 2000 can be used?

No.  In archival terms  paper wills and digital copies are not equivalent.  Only the original is ‘the original’.  A digital copy of that, no matter how perfect, is a stand-in: a ‘surrogate’.  Even the citation appropriate for these types of documents is different: if a researcher is in the presence of the original document, the citation will be to that document and its location; if using a ‘digital copy’ of that, the citation requires extra information: what, precisely was viewed, via what website or other source, and when was it accessed?  There is a reason for this: only the original can be guaranteed to include every mark and every page.

Digital preservation is not infallible.  Despite the ‘huge advances that technology has made over recent years’ (Point 27) it does not follow that ‘digital copies of original documents can be extremely detailed and all relevant marks on the original will be retained in the digital version.’  JPEGs are ‘lossy’ files.  Lossy compression compresses an image, making it smaller (and more economical) to store, but the trade-off is a permanent loss of detail.  As a researcher who regularly downloads images from archives and commercial genealogy websites I know that those images are much-reduced JPEGs.  Consequently, there are times when only the original will do, for example when comparing signatures with other documents to confirm this is the same person; or if a stain on the original document renders text illegible in digital format: in a good light, the eyes may be able to decipher the original. 

Digital files can also corrupt, resulting in permanent loss of all contents.  In any case, the technology available to us now may be surpassed in the not too distant future. 

There is also the issue of human error.  During the photographing process, it is possible to turn over two pages at once, to leave off useful information on the rear of a document, or even to omit an entire document.  All researchers using online digital images will have experience of this.  On occasion, too, documents may be incorrectly indexed, making the correct digital files very difficult to find.  In 2023 entries on the GRO Births and Deaths registers were made available for direct download – a development greeted with delight by the genealogy world; and yet some of the digital photographs of the entries are not usable, owing to having been photographed at an angle, thereby cutting off essential information.  The point with all these difficulties is that the original documents remain intact: they have not been destroyed.  The digitisation is a great thing, but we need the originals too.

Question 4: Do you agree that after a certain time original paper documents (from 1858 onwards) may be destroyed (other than for famous individuals)?

No.  History is not just about ‘famous people’.  Concepts have changed.  History is also about the many millions of others who were impacted by decisions of the powerful.  Their Wills are important too.

Question 6: Are there any other matters directly related to the retention of digital or paper wills that are not covered by the proposed exercise of the powers in the ECA 2000 that you consider are necessary?

It is clear from the wording of the consultation paper that a rather narrow understanding of the enduring value of Wills and Probate documents is at play.  Point 27 asserts that ‘All parties and courts will […] be equally able to rely on digital copies of wills to challenge the validity of that will or another as they would be if relying on the paper will.’  Undoubtedly that is true; and in this regard legal issues such as time limits for contesting a Will are relevant, and the comparison with time limits for retention of other Court documents (Point 45) is valid.

However, once Probate is granted, the Will and associated documents become public documents.  As such, the original purpose of the Will and Probate documents is not its enduring value.  It is not appropriate to restrict considerations to the immediate legal purposes and to the emotional attachment of the testator’s nearest and dearest.  The wider value of a Will may become apparent many years into the future.  Genealogists use them to learn about the immediate and wider family of the individual, their lifestyle and social standing.  Historians and social scientists may take a much broader approach, for example examining Wills made by individuals in a particular location, or a particular ‘type’ of person, using their findings to draw conclusions about, and better understand that location, or our society more generally in the past.

Question 9: Do you agree with the principle that wills of famous people should be preserved in the original paper form for historic interest?

I agree of course that wills of famous people should be preserved, but not that this should be the exception to the rule of mass destruction.

The suggestion (Point 51) that this already happens for pre-1858 Wills is misleading and untrue.  Before 1858, Probate was a matter for the ecclesiastical courts, and these valuable historic documents are stored in diocesan archives, with some original and copy Wills of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury held at The National Archives.  While it is true that Prerogative Court of Canterbury: Wills of Selected Famous Persons have been separated out and stored in record series PROB 1, the implication that only these Wills have been kept is false.  Not a single Will was destroyed; Wills of individuals not deemed ‘Famous Persons’ are archived within a different part of the collection.

Question 10: Do you have any initial suggestions on the criteria which should be adopted for identifying famous/historic figures whose original paper will document should be preserved permanently?

The mere posing of this question illustrates the problem: there is a value judgement linked to this.  Since your values may be different to mine, who will decide?  Might society’s assessment change over time?  A suffragist in the nineteenth century might be considered a tiresome person, yet that same person today may be considered a trailblazer, playing an important part in the road to universal suffrage.  What a travesty if it turned out this person’s Will was destroyed because they were not sufficiently ‘famous’, or their fame did not accord with contemporary values.

Janice Heppenstall

Save Our Wills!

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First of all, a very Happy New Year to you all.

You may already know about the UK Ministry of Justice’s proposals to destroy original copies of post-1857 Wills after 25 years. The proposal is to retain only a digital copy of each Will. Information about the proposals is contained in the Ministry of Justice’s Consultation Paper, which you will find [here].

As genealogists we are all in favour of digitisation of documents, and easy availability online. The government’s online Wills and Probate service is an example of this, allowing us to search, and for just £1.50, to receive a digital copy of the relevant Will by email.

However good the digital image, though, there is a difference between it and the original document. In archivist terms, it is only the original which is the ‘original document’. The digital images we mostly use via subscription websites or indeed the GRO’s online Wills and Probate service, are termed ‘surrogates’. There is always the possibility that part of a document is not included, that one page is blurred, that part of one page is missing, or that a few handwritten words on the reverse that might just be the clue to a mystery are not included. As all of us who work regularly with genealogy websites know, it could be months or years before such a problem is noticed. If the original exists somewhere this can be resolved. However, if the original has already been destroyed, valuable information is lost for ever.

Genealogist and former archivist of many years at The National Archives, Dave Annal, has put together an excellent video in which he summarises in just over five minutes the main problems with these proposals.

My friend and colleague Richard Holt has taken a particular interest in this matter from before the launch of the present proposals and consultation by the Ministry of Justice. In his blogpost Justice for Wills and Probate Documents he writes about times in his research when only an original will do. Initially his concern was with the operation of the Freedom of Information request process, but since the launch of the proposals to digitise and destroy original post-1857 Wills, his concerns have increased, and these are covered in the second half of that blogpost. 

I will not spend time adding my own thoughts to those of Richard and Dave, since I do agree with all they say. Indeed, online and via any groups that you are part of, you will find an increasing number of articles and robust responses from other genealogists, historians, archivists and societies/ associations linked to these fields.

So what can we do about it?

Richard has launched a petition to the UK Government and Parliament: Do not allow original wills to be destroyed after 25 years – Petitions (parliament.uk). If you are a UK citizen or resident you will be able to sign it. At the time of writing this, there are 7410 signatures.

You can also respond directly to the Ministry of Justice’s consultation. This option is open to anyone, anywhere in the world – and of course many people have UK ancestry so this affects all of us. Replies must be received by 23 February, using the email civil_justice_poli@justice.gov.uk or the following address:

Will Storage consultation
Ministry of Justice
Civil Justice and Law Division,
Postpoint 5.25
102 Petty France
London
SW1H 9AJ

Finally, please share this information with others who you think will be concerned by these proposals.

#SaveOurWills

Will there be another Census for England & Wales?

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As genealogists we know that the historic records we rely upon were not created with us in mind. Always, there was a significant contemporary reason behind the collection of data. The list of heads of household may have been compiled to keep track of who had paid taxes, or rentals. The list of adult males may have been required for selection of local militia. Parish registers, while being a record of religious rites, were also a means of keeping track of the population, and so on.

When the first censuses were carried out in 1801-1831 the purpose was to collect basic information about numbers of inhabited/ uninhabited houses, numbers of families occupying them, numbers of people (male/female) with a very basic breakdown of their occupations, and information about numbers of baptisms, marriages and burials. It was not until 1841 that names, ages and occupations of individual household members were collected, along with a rough indication of birthplace. The real need at that time was to get a handle on the size of the population (for military purposes and food requirements) and to understand migration within the country. Since then, with every new decade, changing societal conditions and increased understanding of links between, for example, living conditions and health, led to additional questions. In more recent decades, there has been a need to understand religious diversity, language needs as a result of immigration, gender identity, and so on. This then feeds into planning of services and facilities.

However, there has been another huge change in the past thirty years: information technology. Such is the ‘ready’ availability of timely data that the need for a decennial snapshot of the nation is in question. In June of this year the Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced a consultation paper on its proposals for The future of population and migration statistics in England and Wales.

In it, they explain their proposals to replace reliance on a decennial census, creating information that is essentially out of date as soon as it is published by instead using administrative data collected by a range of state organisations as a by-product of their work. This, they say, would enable the ONS to provide completely accurate, up-to-date information, when needed, and at a fraction of the cost. It is estimated that the cost of the 2021 Census was around £1 billion.

In response to these proposals a group of leading academics whose work draws heavily on data provided by the censuses have published an Open Letter in which they express their concerns.

Whereas we, as genealogists, are interested in personal information – and we’re not permitted to access that personal information until one hundred years have lapsed – impersonal statistical information from each census is released very soon after the information is collected. Already, a good deal of data is available following the 2021 census, and undoubtedly this is the data essential to the work of the sociologists, medical sociologists, criminologists, epidemiologists, social policy, population and health experts who signed the Open Letter.

Reading their letter, it is interesting to note that, despite the differences in our use of the census data, they broadly use the census in a very similar way to us: as a decennial benchmark against which the representativeness of other data may be assessed. For them, that would be statistics and other studies; for us it is Civil BMDs or parish register entries. Administrative data produced as a by-product of a service, they say, cannot fulfil this function. Although the census completion is not actually 100 percent, it is a legal requirement and completion is in fact very high. By contrast there is no mechanism for administrative data owners to be held accountable for the quality of their data. There are also opt-outs, not to mention the fact that some people are not even registered with the services in the first place and would therefore slip through the net. Their suggestion is that if the alternative ‘patchwork of administrative data’ is seriously to be considered as a replacement for the census, then at least in 2031 the two systems should be run in tandem, to ensure complete coverage and a smooth handover. They also assess that the cost of collection of data from these other sources and bringing them together as a seamless whole would be about the same cost as the decennial census.

Essentially, of course, our interest is in the genealogists of 2131 and beyond. It is with them in mind, as well as my own privacy concerns, that I am worried about the future of family history. The contents of our medical records and other information collected or created about us in the operation of public services should remain private – but a census is different. Whilst fully mindful of the real, administrative benefits to the nation of collecting all that information, on a personal level I enjoy sharing my information (my choice what to share) on the census. I think of it as a message to my descendants. In Ireland, last year, the 2022 Census even had space for a Time Capsule Message to be available to descendants in 2122. How wonderful would it be to open that!

Anyway… what do you think? Have you been involved in any of the consultation surrounding this? Do you have strong views either way? Do leave a comment.

Not such ‘little’ lives after all…

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One of my great grandfathers, George, was adopted. This was in the 1860s, so it was an informal arrangement and the couple who took him in were his biological father’s older sister and her husband, whose name was Feargus.

Feargus had a middle name: O’Connor; and although I was new to genealogy at the time of discovering all this, I already understood enough to know there was a strong likelihood that this was a maiden name, probably from his mother’s side and probably the two names indicating an Irish connection. However, following back Feargus’s mother’s and father’s lines for a few generations, I could see they were solid Yorkshire stock. No Irish, and no O’Connors. It was a mystery.

The solving of the mystery, when it came, was from a surprising source. But before going onto that, I want to tell you something about Feargus’s parents.

They were nail-makers, and they lived in the village of Hoylandswaine, not far from Barnsley. I found a little book published by the Barnsley Family History Society: The Nail-Makers of Hoylandswaine, collated and compiled by Cynthia Dalton. It includes not only the history of nail-making in Hoylandswaine, but a description of the life, together with potted biographies of the nail-makers recorded in the censuses. I learned that the life of a nail-maker was a hard one. Some had their own forges and worked as a family unit; others rented space in someone else’s forge; and yet more worked for a nail master on his premises.

Click here to see a surviving Hoylandswaine nail forge, now a museum.

Usually, the men started work at 6am, and might keep going until 10pm, with breaks only for meals throughout the day. Pay was low, and since some of the nail masters were also the village shopkeepers or inn-keepers who couldn’t resist squeezing a little extra profit from their workers, payment may have been made in the form of provisions from that other business. Women did the work too, for less money, and alongside taking care of the house and children.

Hoylandswaine nailers go rat-a-tat-tat,
On thin watter porridge, and no’ much o’ that

Anon. (In: Cynthia Dillon: The Nail-Makers of Hoylandswaine)

It seemed a very small life: long hours of repetitive work, isolation, hardship, trapped by low wages and unscrupulous employment practices, and no power to change any of that. I wondered what time was left for enjoyment, or if life was one long slog from beginning to end; and then I set aside Feargus’s family and moved on to other lines.

It was years later – early 2019 – when the riddle of Feargus’s Irish connection was solved. It came while I was reading John Waller’s The Real Oliver Twist – the true story of pauper apprentice Robert Blincoe. Part two (p.79) begins with a quote – and I gasped when I saw the name:

‘Scores of poor children, taken from workhouses or kid-napped in the streets of the metropolis, used to be brought down by […] coach to Manchester and slid into a cellar in Mosley Street as if they had been stones or any other inanimate substance.’

Feargus O’Connor (1836)

I looked him up… and realised I had known Feargus O’Connor all along – I learned about him in ‘A’ Level history at school, and in view of the Leeds connection (below) we would have spent some time on him, but my brain had mostly opted to remember the activities of ‘Orator’ Hunt.

Stipple engraving portrait of Chartist leader Feargus Edward O'Connor.
Feargus Edward O’Connor (c.1796-1855)
Stipple engraving portrait by unknown artist
Source: Wikipedia. This file has been extracted from another file, Public Domain

Feargus Edward O’Connor was an Irish landowner and lawyer, elected as M.P. for Cork in 1832. (Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, so his seat was in Parliament at Westminster.) In 1835 he was re-elected but disqualified on the grounds that he had insufficient property to qualify as an M.P. (although it seems that was not so). It was from this time onwards that he began to agitate for radical reform in England, speaking at rallies and meetings and emerging as the leader of the Chartist cause. He campaigned for the ‘Five Cardinal Points of Radicalism’, which would later be five of the six points embodied in the People’s Charter. In 1837 he founded the radical Northern Star newspaper in Leeds; and then in 1840 was arrested for sedition, serving fifteen months in York Castle gaol.

1840 was the year my adoptive great great grandfather was born. His parents’ choice of name – Feargus O’Connor Heppenstall – speaks volumes. It turns out they did know the conditions in which they were working were unjust. They could imagine a better life. And what’s more, they knew of developments throughout the country and the movement for change; and through the work of Feargus O’Connor, they saw a way to achieve that. It turns out their lives were not so little after all. They were fighting for a better world at a time when that was much-needed; and I am proud of them.

In fact my tale is awash with Feargus O’Connors, all of them in Leeds. As a young man my adoptive great great grandfather Feargus made his way to Leeds and became a butcher. His adopted son, my great grandfather George, would go on to name his own first son Feargus O’Connor Heppenstall too, although I don’t think George was a political man, and believe this was a tribute to the man he considered his father rather than to the Chartist leader.

The original Feargus O’Connor was not a man without controversy. Undoubtedly charismatic, he was admired for his energy and powerful oratory, but also criticised for advocating physical force if necessary in order to achieve his goal of universal male suffrage. In this, he went further than the moderate line taken by other Chartists.

I was reminded of all this last week, while watching videos recorded by experts for All About That Place. One such expert was Mark Crail, who has a website and a blog about Chartist Ancestors, as well as a separate website about Trade Union Ancestors. There is also a page dedicated to the Six Points of the People’s Charter. Some of the articles focus on Chartism in different parts of the country; some on leaders. There are quite a few blog posts dedicated to Feargus O’Connor’s life and work. If your ancestors were in the industrial heartlands during the nineteenth century, or if you know they were active in the Trade Union movement, you might be interested to explore these sites.

This is what I love about family history. The most ordinary seeming people can have surprising stories to tell if you delve a little deeper. It is through these stories that we can learn about the lived experiences of people in different places, classes and at different times throughout our history.

All About That Place

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Advertising image for All About That Place, featuring the words 'Join All About That Place, a unique challenge event #OnePlace'

Today is Day 2 of All About That Place. I’m sure at least some of you will already know about it, and have been watching videos. I hope you’re enjoying it as much as I am. For everyone else… this is time sensitive information!

All About That Place is a ten-day event to celebrate the 10th Anniversary of the Society for One-Place Studies. It has been developed through collaboration between the Society of Genealogists, the Society for One-Place Studies, Genealogy Stories, and the British Association for Local History. However, other organisations are sponsoring specific days.

The event is being run via a pop-up Facebook Group and YouTube channel. I couldn’t find a pop-up YouTube channel specific to the event but was guided via a request for information on Facebook towards the Society of Genealogists channel. However you access the videos, they last approximately ten minutes each, and a new one appears every hour of every day, between 8am and 7pm British Summer Time. However, the time is not critical, since each video will remain online until 1st October, after which some will disappear but others will remain a little longer – only until later in October though… which is why I said this is time sensitive. By late October this post will be obsolete…

There are over a hundred pre-recorded talks to watch. They are free. My plan was to watch only the ones that interested me, but so far almost all of them have done so. I didn’t expect this to be as brilliant as it is! Clearly a great deal of work has gone into organising it.

The talks so far have looked at maps, including some great websites where mapping resources are available – some of which I’m sure you’ll already know, but others will be new to you. There have also been introductions to the kinds of resources specific organisations hold, and how they can help you in your research, like the Society of Genealogists. Some videos are about specific One-Place Studies.

As this is all about the Society for One-Place Studies, what they really want is for you to be fired up and start your own Study. They are reporting a good few new registrations already, so from that perspective this has already been a success. However, the enthusiasm amongst people participating, hosting or like me just watching is tremendous. Although all these origanisations are in the UK, people are watching from other parts of the world, and some of the One-Place Studies are in other parts of the world too.

Do give it a go!

Creating a template for GRO Birth and Death digital download images

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When I was preparing my last post about the GRO’s new option for instant-access digital downloads of the images for selected birth and death registrations, I had hoped to be able to include a downloadable template for you to use for your own records. It seemed it wasn’t possible for me to do that. So the next best thing is to show you how to create your own.

I created the template in my last post using Photoshop – just because I already had it open and wanted to tweak one of the images. If you already use Photoshop or something similar you won’t need me to show you how to do this. However, more of you are likely to have Word, so for anyone who’s more used to using Word for plain old typing and would like to know how to create a template, here’s a tutorial. I hope it’s useful to at least some of you.

1. First, open a new document in Word. All the options from the top menu I’m about to mention are indicated below.

A screen grab of a Word document. There are no words on this document yet, but six commands from the top menu vbar are indicated. They are File, Insert, Layout, Font size, and the centreing and position to right commands.
Click for bigger!

2. Next, change the layout of your document to landscape. To do this click Layout, then Orientation, then Landscape.

3. On this document, type whatever wording you would like. I went with:
“Death Certificate
Digital image download from GRO website
Downloaded by [your name] on [leave this blank, date to be added to each new document when you use the template]”

4. Then adjust the size of the font by changing where it says ’11’ on the example above. I went with font size 36 for the title, 22 for the ‘digital image’ description, and 14 for the bottom line. You might find it easier to use the regular ‘title’ options on Word but I wanted to control the spacings between the rows so this way suited me better.

I then moved the bottom line down the page, using the return key a few times, before centering the top two lines and positioning the bottom line over to the right (see the two lower circled options indicated on the image above.

My document now looks like this.

A template, almost complete, for using with the GRO's digital download Birth and Death registration digital download images.

For the rest of the template we need information from the GRO website.

As explained in my last post, the downloads are available for three months after ordering/delivery. At the time of delivery you should get almost instant access to the images. However, I ordered mine a few weeks back, so I accessed all of the following information by going into ‘My Orders’ from the menu on the right.

5. From that page – which is what’s shown below – you can download your ‘E/W Death Digital Image’. But first, since our focus here is on creating a template, click on ‘View Details’, and scroll right to the bottom of the pop-up that appears at upper left of screen.

Screen shot of GRO digital download collection plage. Three links are indicates. These are 'My Orders', 'E/W Death Digital Image', 'View Details' and the GRO Reference Information which is found by scrolling to the bottom of the 'View Details' pop-ip.
Click for bigger!

What we need is the GRO Reference Information (between the two red stars). Put your cursor at the beginning of the word ‘Year’, and highlight/copy everything along that line through to ‘Page’. Then paste this into your Word document just above your ‘Downloaded by…’ line. I centred this.

5. There is just one more thing to add to the template. We need a description of the columns, so that we can make sense of the information on the digital images from the death register as we download each one and insert it into our template. I copied that from the digital download page. Click on ‘E/W Death Digital Image’ (as circled with red on the above image), and you’ll find the digital image you’ve purchased, but above that there are the column headings. I screen-grabbed that and saved it. You can do the same thing, or you can click on the image I copied, below, to make it bigger, then right click and save to your own computer in a place you’ll find handy. The one I’ve included below has been lightened a little in Photoshop to make it easier to read the lettering. The one included in my example template at the bottom has not been lightened, so you can see the difference.

6. Either way, you now need to insert it into your Word document beneath the title and description lines. To do this, place your cursor a couple of lines below the ‘Digital image download from GRO website’ line, then click on Insert, then Picture, then ‘This Device’, and navigate to where you save the image to retrieve and insert it.

Column descriptions for GRO Death Certificate. This is for use with digital download images.
Click for bigger!

Your document should now look something like this.

A template for using with GRO digital download death register images

7. You’ll now need to save this document, but instead of saving it as a regular Word document, click on File, then Save As, and then from the drop-down menu, save as a Word Template (.dotx).

As you get each new GRO digital download image from the Death Register, all you have to do is open the Template, download and insert the new image, and copy the date, quarter, district, volume and page details from the website (just as we copied the upper line in step 5. You’ll also need to insert the date. Remember to save each new record you create as a regular Word document.

Comparing this to the one I originally created in Photoshop, there are a few differences, but you can see how it all comes together.

If you like how this works for you, you can create another one for your Birth Register digital downloads.

I hope you found these instructions clear. Let me know how you get on.

Instant-access Birth and Death certificate images

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I know a lot of you will already know this, but for those who don’t…
The General Register Office website has made available reduced cost instant-access digital images of selected birth and death entries.

The ‘certificates’ available through this new Online View Digital Image Sevice are as follows:
* Birth entries from 1837 up to 100 years ago
* Death entries from 1837 to 1887

When you place an order using the GRO’s online indexes, where this new service is available (that is, for the year-spans indicated above), a new option will appear for ‘Digital Image’. Just click on the ‘button’.

A screen grab of a returned entry on the GRO Online Death Index, indicating the new 'Digital Image' option for ordering

These digital images cost just £2.50 each.

All the information you need to be able to order and retrieve your images is to be found in the GRO’s Online View Digital Image Service Guide.

There is a clear statement that these digital images have no “evidential” value. A paper certified copy is still required for official purposes. Examples given in the statement include ‘applying for a passport or driving licence, or where required to give notice of marriage/civil partnership’. None of these seem entirely applicable here! But in our research I can imagine someone requiring a certificate to evidence nationality of a great grandparent, or to demonstrate generational ancestral connection.

What you get
The digital image you’ll receive is just the extract from the GRO’s central register, nothing more. So looking at the example below, which is a full, certified copy, you get a lot of important wrap-around information. When you take advantage of the new instant-access digital download all you get is the image in that central section, which is extracted from the GRO Death Register.

An example of a certified copy of an Entry of Death

I really like having the official document, certainly for my direct line and anyone else whose story I’m following – but that’s expensive and I’m gradually buying only the ones I need. However, I decided this would be a great way to get information about causes of death for all the siblings who died in infancy over that fifty year period, 1837-1887, so I’ve made a start on that.

Remember though that even the full certified copy of a Birth, Marriage or Death certificate is still only a secondary source if you purchase it from the GRO. The original is kept at the local Registrar’s Office. (I wrote about this in a blog for the Pharos Tutors website, that you’ll find [here] )

As soon as your online payment goes through you can click on a link to see the image. I found it took a few minutes before I could actually download it to my computer.

Having done that it seemed to me there was some additional essential information I really did need to be able to record and cite this effectively, so I created a template in Photoshop that I can use every time I download one of these. It includes:

  • Title, making clear this is a digital download, since this does not have the same standing in law as a certified copy
  • Column headings describing the content of each column
  • The digital image
  • The GRO reference, including year, quarter, district, volume and page
  • The date I downloaded the digital image

This information transforms a useful digital image into a ‘source’, decribing what it is, and details of precisely where the original information is to be found, ensuring that anyone who wants to check my research in the future can find it again.

A template for recording a digital image of an entry on the Death Register along with essential source information.

Having done this I’m still trying to decide if I’d be happy to have all my ancestors’ death certificates in this format. After all, for the cost of buying two of the full, certified copy versions I can get nine of these, and set into my template they don’t look so bad…..

If you’ve downloaded any of these instant access digital Birth or Death certificates, I hope you’ve found lots of interesting information.

Monarchy

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When I started my journey into my family’s past I never expected to find riches and grand families. Indeed, what I love about genealogy is that it enables us to home in on the ‘little’ people, and to find the extraordinary in their seemingly ordinary lives. I soon realised that this ‘bottom up’ focus was the difference between Genealogy and the History I studied to ‘A’ Level at school. Yet we cannot really understand our ancestors’ lives without knowing something of that social and political backdrop which is the stuff of formalised history studies: the local history, the manorial system, changing governments and their legislation and increasingly, as we travel back further in time, the whims, decisions, abuses and power of the monarch.

Today, as the coronation of Charles III as King of the United Kingdom takes place at Westminster Abbey, I thought it would be interesting to focus on the kings and queens of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, and to see how that history merges with and indeed shaped the world our ancestors knew.

Let’s start with a YouTube video from UsefulCharts about the British Monarchy Family Tree: Medieval Kings of England & Scotland to Charles III. This deals with the succession of the monarchy from Anglo-Saxon times right through to present day.

At 30 minutes long, the video requires a little investment of time, but the family tree chart is absolutely brilliant, allowing the narrator to whizz up and down and from side to side as he explains very clearly the sometimes complex events and reasons leading to the passing of the throne from one king or queen to the next. Even if your grasp of all this is quite sketchy, you’re sure to meet people whose names you know, and you’ll start to see how they all fit together. In my case, studying heraldry and pedigrees, and getting to grips with the cataloguing of official documents according to the regnal years dating system forced me to familiarise myself with some of the medieval monarchs. However, in this chart you’ll also meet Macbeth, ‘Lady Macbeth’ and Duncan, as well as Alfred the Great; and you’ll be able to untangle the relationship between Aethelred the Unready and King Canute, and the events that led from them to the invasion of William the Conqueror. There were also some female monarchs about whom I knew very little: Lady Jane Grey, Queen Anne and – for shame – I am one of those people who thought Mary Queen of Scots and Mary I of England (the older sister of Elizabeth I, also known as ‘Bloody Mary’) were the same person. If you never really understood how William of Orange came to be next in line to the English throne, or how George I came to be king (he is in fact descended from the Stuarts and the Plantagenets, but not on the direct male line), this video will clarify everything. Finally, I hadn’t previously realised that it was the accession of Henry VIII to the throne that brought an end to the War of the Roses, since he was of both the House of York via his mother and that of Lancaster via his father. This also explains why the Tudor Rose, or Rose of England combines the red rose of Lancaster with the white rose of Yorkshire at its heart.

Other monarchs feature in events more personal to my own family research. For example Edward ‘The Black Prince’ has a special place at the heart of my home town, Leeds – although no one really knows why! A large bronze statue of the Prince in City Square was unveiled in 1903 to mark Leeds’s new city status. Then there’s Henry of Lancaster who, via a circuitous route, had inherited the Manor of Leeds. Consequently, in 1399 when he was crowned Henry IV, Leeds became a royal manor, remaining so until 1629. Watching the video I see that Edward The Black Prince is the older brother of Henry IV’s father – John of Gaunt, first Duke of Lancaster – who, as mentioned above, had by chance become lords of the Manor of Leeds… and that seems to be as close a connection as we’ll ever find. Nevertheless, the statue is much-loved, and on a personal note I’m pleased to have done my part in clearing that up…

My knowledge of the Jacobite Uprising has largely been informed by Diana Gabaldon’s Outlander series (it turns out I’m not as high brow as you might have imagined), and I already knew of a tenuous link from this to my own ancestry: on 24th September 1745, my 7x great grandfather, the Reverend Lister Simondson, was one of the Association at York Castle who pledged funds to raise a militia against the Jacobite Threat.

I wonder if this video sparks off any connections, tenuous or otherwise, to your own ancestry?

If you enjoyed the above video I also found a couple of shorter ones. The first focuses on the more recent connections: the descendants of Queen Victoria, who feature in the royal families of all of the European monarchies and kingdoms. You’ll see footage of George V and Tsar Nicholas: first cousins, and looking uncannily alike, as well as lookalikes Edward VII and his nephew Kaiser Wilhelm II (also therefore George V’s first cousin, as well as third cousin to Nicholas II).

And finally, a little more information about the descent of House names, and specifically Charles III’s technical connection via his father to the House of Glücksburg, although he will maintain the Windsor name. In both these videos you’ll see how marriages were far from love matches, but a means of building empires and wealth. In this they are simply grander and more pan-European examples of the kind of pedigree charts we have in this country.

You simply can’t do advanced genealogical research without having an understanding of the importance of this historical backdrop, and at least knowing where you can go to look it up, so if any of this is new to you, I hope you’ve found this little selection of videos useful and interesting. Preparing it has certainly clarified some things for me.

*****

On an unrelated matter…
If any of you are in Leeds, and might be free for an hour next Thursday 11th May 2023, at lunchtime, I’ll be giving a talk about my research on one of my own ancestral lines, the kinds of records I used, and what I learned about seventeenth century Leeds and Woodhouse in the process.

Publicity screenshot for a talk to be given at Leeds Central Library on 11 May 2023

If you’re interested, please see all the information and reserve a (free) ticket [here].

The National Burial Grounds Survey

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I have to admit to having a soft spot for a good burial records book. So it was with great interest that I learned a few months ago of a project to map every churchyard and burial ground in England and Wales. There have been a few articles published about it over the past couple of months so you may already know about it, but if not I hope this overview will be of interest.

It’s a huge project, commenced in the autumn of 2021 by Cumbria-based surveying and mapping company Atlantic Geomatics. Using state-of-the-art equipment, they are creating accurate maps of everything in every churchyard or cemetery. They will then photograph the memorials and headstones, and finally scan in original records of parish registers, linking them to specific graves on the map. Apart from the obvious uses for genealogists, church and local authority officials will be able to access their own private areas on the website, adding new records and photographs and recording biodiversity and health & safety information.

There are more than 18,000 church and municipal burial grounds in England and Wales. As of last August more than three hundred of them had been mapped, and it’s expected that the entire project will take seven years.

Although the church and other organisations will have free access to their own part of the website, there will be a cost to us, currently set at £8 per burial ground per month. This seems to me ample time to gather all the information for all ancestors buried in one parish or one municipal cemetery, and then perhaps subscribe another month to a different place.

Although The National Burial Grounds Survey website is now live, at the time of writing it just provides information about what’s happening and what will be available. There are also a couple of examples of mapped graveyards, but without the interactive records and headstone facilities. We won’t all have to wait seven years before any information beomes available, though. Completed data will go online diocese by diocese, as all stages of work for every burial ground within its boundaries become complete.

I’ve been thinking about how it might help with our research. Clearly there are overlaps with already available record sets and websites. Find-a-Grave, for example, (owned by Ancestry.com) includes data from 549,619 cemeteries in 246 different countries, with burial site, plot, information and headstone photographs. However, availability of information depends on whether or not a member of the Find-a-Grave ‘community’ has photographed and added the details to the website. The National Burial Grounds Survey will be systematic and largely all-embracing. I note from a document provided for the information of church/parish officials (see link at bottom of post) that ‘unmarked graves’ will not be mapped but can be added by officials when their whereabouts becomes known. I’m assuming this means plots simply not presently known to be graves, rather than ‘graves without a headstone’.

Family researchers like us will be able to do an initial search for free, and then subcribe by the month to access detailed information, including the exact location of the grave. This will be a great improvement on existing arrangements, which often involve contacting ‘Cems and Crems’ or religious burial ground officials, or even someone representing ‘Friends of XXX Cemetery’ going out and walking around to try to track down a specific grave for us. I’ve been lucky to have had great experience of these kinds of contacts, and free of charge, but some authorities make a significant charge for providing the information (more than the £8 monthly fee suggested here for just one request). It will be much easier to do an online index search and take it from there.

Linking the grave to the burial record is useful. Although much of this information is already available online, to see digital photos of the original record you do generally need a subscription to the commercial website licensed to provide it by the relevant Records Office where the originals are lodged. Furthermore, although coverage is increasing, not all parishes are yet available online; and certainly not all municipal cemeteries. My experience is that records kept by the latter are generally far more comprehensive than parish burial registers, easily standing in for a civil death certificate if required. In other words, the information provide by the records will vary in quality and detail and certainly won’t differ from what might already be available online.

Finally, although I note that the interior of churches will be mapped and location of pews, etc, recorded, there is no mention of the recording of graves within the churches, nor indeed the memorial flagstones, which I think is a great omission. Since amateur and professional genealogists are likely to be the primary paying users of the website, I think this is a missed opportunity. It’s a pity a representative from the Society of Genealogists or other family history organisation was not called upon for advice regarding the type of information we want. That said, precise locational information about who was buried where may already have been lost. The 1663 parish burial record of one of my ancestors states he was buried in the south aisle of the church. I’ve tried to find out precisely where, and with a view to photographing the memorial flagstone. Unfortunately, in this case the flagstones have long since been replaced, and there is no map.

To conclude, based on the information so far publicly available, I’m optimistic about this project. I’m sure it will make tracking down the final resting place of many people a simpler task, and without the need to bother local administrators with individual requests. Finding the exact location of the grave of many ancestors will be much easier, and that’s to be welcomed. I know I’ll be keen to subscribe for a month as soon as I know any of my main burial grounds of interest have gone live. That said, for the reasons outlined above there will inevitably be gaps in the indexes and, particularly for long-ago burials, it may not provide that vital piece of missing information we’ve been desperately hunting.

*****

Here’s some additional information found online:

A document produced by the Church of England/ Atlantic Geomatics for the information of church and parish officials

An article about the project: The Spooky Quest to Build a Google Maps for Graveyards (NB: I don’t think it’s at all ‘spooky’!)

Using historic directories in genealogy research

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Have you ever used historic trade and local directories to help with your family research?

History
The first directory of London merchants was published in 1677, and from 1734 London directories were published annually. Directories for the rest of the country started to appear from around 1760 in the cities and big towns, a little later in more rural areas and small towns. Some of the directories covered a county, a wider region, or perhaps a collection of adjacent towns. These ones may include quite small towns.

Original purpose
The primary purpose of these earlier directories was commercial, and it’s no coincidence that their appearance coincided with the Industrial Revolution. They facilitated the trade and distribution of goods, including raw materials used by manufacturers. These earlier editions were aimed at commercial travellers. They therefore included distances from each town included to the others, distances from London, the location of the Post Office, plus carriers, stagecoach connections and later, railway connections. Places of worship and important public offices are also often included.

Layout
Originally only the chief inhabitants are included: principal landowners (‘gentry and clergy’ or ‘private residents’), more substantial tradesmen and professional classes. The listings of traders followed the local worthies, laid out by trade, and in alphabetical order within each trade. Over time, directories grew to include heads of households, with alphabetical listings of individuals as well as listings by trade. Some also include alphabetical listings of streets.

As an example, Pigot’s Directory of Kent, 1824, commences with a description of the county followed by distances between the various towns in the county, and from each town to London. There then follows a separate directory for each town, the towns appearing in alphabetical order. Within each town business types are arranged in alphabetical order. For example, Chatham has Academies, Attorneys, Auctioneers, Bakers, Bankers, and so on; and within each category, individual tradesmen/businessmen are listed alphabetically, with first and last name and street. You’ll find it [here].

I find it useful to start at the beginning of the directory, get a feel for the layout, and then use the index and page number links to flip about through the books, gradually homing in on towns, surnames and trades of interest.

Where to find them
There are various ways to access the directories.

First of all, the local and family history library covering your area of interest may have original copies for you to browse – possibly even a full collection of every historic directory published for the area if you’re lucky.

Next, there is a brilliant resource available online: the University of Leicester Special Collections Online. This includes 689 directories, ranging from the 1760s right up to the 1910s.
The collection is available [here].
The example used above (Kent and Chatham) is taken from this website.

Ancestry have a good selection that is searchable by clicking on ‘Search’ on the top toolbar, then selecting ‘Schools, Directories and Church Histories’.

FindMyPast also have a good selection. Click on ‘Search’ and then ‘Directories & Social History’ to start your search.

You may also find directories relevant to your needs in the relevant town/ parish on GENUKI.
I found transcriptions of three directories for Huntington, including my 4x great grandfather Thomas Cass, who was victualler at the White Horse inn, in the (very short!) 1823 Baines Directory for that parish

You may also find directories online by Googling, or by searching directly on Internet Archive with terms “directory” + name of town. As an example, Googling ‘internet archive York directory’ led me to the 1822 Baines Directory for the whole county of Yorkshire. Within its pages I can see that my 4x great grandfather John Wade is already at his woollen draper and tailoring business at Stonegate, York. I also found two members of my Bumby family, both blacksmiths, along with their addresses in Thirsk.

There may also be transcripts available from the family history society relevant to your area of interest.

That’s a lot of possibilities to work through!

How can directories help us as family historians?

  • First, from a local history perspective, it’s interesting to note what businesses were needed in the various towns, how these might vary from town to town according to location, and how this changed over time.
  • After 1841, they are a useful check-in for the years between the census, alongside addresses and occupations given on Births/ Baptisms, Marriages and Deaths/ Burials/ Cemetery records. Any one of these might add just a little more information that the others don’t have.
  • They can also be used to help locate people in the census if they are elusive. You might be able to search by address rather than name, or even find the correct Enumeration District and virtually ‘walk the route’ until you find your people.
  • Before 1841, they provide valuable information about trade and actual address. Usually, the abode on parish registers is the name of a village or area of town, rather than a specific address.
  • You may be able to use this new information in conjunction with contemporary maps to locate your ancestor physically within the town and its facilities.
  • If the individuals are in a town or city with Guilds and apprenticeship records, these should tie in with the trade being practised. I found that one of my 4x great uncles in York had changed his occupation. Having been apprenticed as a printer, he went on to become a bank clerk.
  • Here’s an interesting one: I recently read that many of our female ancestors were recorded in the census as doing ‘Unpaid domestic duties’ in the censuses not because it was the reality, but because census enumerators only enquired about the waged occupations of male heads of households. As an example, the 1851 census for Keswick recorded no landladies, whereas the Directory listed sixty-nine. (Steinbach, 2004, p10). Prior to the censuses, and once more using the Chatham Directory (above) as an example, I found a good number of women traders. If the business owner is a female of the finer sort her first name may not be included. So we see Mrs Bagster, the Misses Burr, Miss Omer and Mrs Russell all run Academies. However, Ann Chidwick is listed as a Boot & Shoemaker, Sarah Clark as a corn chandler, and so on. This information about the women’s businesses would be difficult, even impossible, to obtain via other means, even after the commencement of the census, but certainly before it.

I hope this has given you some new ideas for expanding your research.

Source
Susie Steinbach: Women in England 1760-1914: A Social History, 2004, Phoenix/ Orion Books, London.